Bernardo Bertolucci’s Il Conformista is a masterpiece. After thirty-eight years, it is still one of the greatest films ever to grace the soft, white palette of the film screen. It holds within it a plethora of examples from each Independent film “code”. From the cultural (Bertolucci’s ties with Communist Party and the film’s commentary on Fascism), the artistic (Vittorio Storaro’s use of “painted frames” to illustrate the structure of the film frame can be used to “paint” beauty into a scene), narration (its use of social commentary, making it a sort of “political noir”), Cinematically (from the editing to the cinematography, to its direction), to the Intertextual (the film’s ties to Freud and Franz Kafka) Bertolucci uses everything in his power to create an atmosphere that is stunning, spellbinding, and elegant while still maintaining an elegance admired by so many filmmakers today.

The most outward statement is the use of cultural encoding to convey a message of the motives behind fascist supporters. Dottore Clerici is an upper-class citizen marrying a gorgeous middle-class woman with a job in the new government of Italy; is college educated and respected among his colleagues. What Clerici has that most of his peers do not have is a history; a history that includes sodomy, murder, and a family of the mentally unfit. Clerici does what any man would do: overcompensate. As Clerici proceeds in his ‘normal’ life the term itself (normal) takes on a whole new meaning. Is it ‘normal’ for a man to become a spy for a new government? Is it ‘normal’ for a man be ordered to kill a former teacher? Is it ‘normal for a man to want all of this just feel ‘normal’? The irony of the matter is: by wanting to be ‘normal’, Clerici is, in fact, just that; a normal man that just wants to fit in.
However, this is a light issue that is more obvious in Bertolucci’s masterpiece than it may be in the book. One scene that comes to mind that carries the film’s message forward in leaps is the scene in which Dottore throws a birthday party for his friend, Italo, whom is blind (blind Italy). Th
e party is filled with comrades, all fascists, whom are also all blind. That’s right; they’re at a fascist party and everyone is blind. A more subtle portrayal of the book’s theme within the film is its portrayal of Dottore in its ending; ironically, this differs entirely from the novels end. At the end of the film, Dottore finds himself face to face with the limo driver that molested him as a child; the cause of all of his problems since (specifically the part about Dottore murdering him; this gave him the inate feeling of an assassin, prompting him to volunteer for the orders to kill his professor). The “discovery that his would be seducer an victim is still alive puts the final lie to every act Clerici has subsequently committed” (Bertolucci by Kolker, 103). All the while, anti-fascists parade through the colliseum where they stand. Clerici pushes his friend into the crowd. Here, as with the rest of the film, Clerici is a clear analogy to all fascists as cowards, opportunists, conformists, and closeted homosexuals (not exactly, but certainly in some cases).
One could easily argue against the similarities if Franz Kafka’s writings and that of Il Conformista based upon the principality of how many great minds may think alike. After all: both media deal with the redundancy of mindless bureaucratic systems in societies (Kafka’s stems from a natural awareness and dislike; while Bertolucci’s from his Communist sympathies), the loss of control in one’s life from an inexorable and invisible being (for K., the judges that stand at his trial; for Clerici, his uncontrollable feelings of wanting normalcy that stems from his homosexuality), and show women in overly dramatic ways. First off, one must understand how bureaucracies fit into these stories. In Italy, Fascism gave way to a new way of life. Under control of Mussolini, everyone was put under the eye of the government; you were being watched and you didn’t know it (under files in large, barren-yet-beautiful government buildings). In Austria, a young Franz Kafka works as a clerk in a law office; throughout his life he would work in various offices and filing rooms before taking an extensive interest in Judaism (The Life of Franz Kafka, The Trial, 267-271).
Although, seemingly very different somehow when reading The Trial, one cannot help but feel a sense of the same distance and coldness as portrayed in Bertolucci’s 1930’s Rome. The best example of any parallelism within these two works is the ending. Josef K. has stood in front of the panel of judges and spoken, he has never gone to trial, and knows not of what his actions are. One morning, he wakes up and puts on a black overcoat, black gloves, and probably slicks his hair back; two men arrive with black overcoats and top hats. They take him to a remote quarry and stab him to death, as K. screams out his verdict: “Like a dog!” In Il Conformista, Clerici does just the same. He is driven to a remote area in the woods where men in dark overcoats stab his old teacher, Professor Quadri, to death. The similarity does not lie within the death of the characters physically, but the death of Josef and Clerici metaphysically. This entire time K. has been fighting against something he could not see; he could not see face to face. Clerici had been fighting what he could see in his memory, but could not bare to see face to face. Both men remain silent as the eminent approaches. Clerici watches as his former mentor, his father figure is stabbed to death by his order. The same could be said of Josef K.; as his life has completely changed from the morning his trial began and is now ended by his own hand. As Kolker says in his interpretation of The Conformists: “ th central character is trapped in the illusions of his own paranoid gaze; thus making Clerici’s point of view is like that of Josef K. if the latter had an out-of-body experience. When Anna Quadri comes to Clerici’s window and sees that he is the cause of this and when Clerici has the power to save her (which was the motivation for the entire film) he cannot. And just as Josef K. screams out his last words, Clerici’s assisting agent proclaims the birth of Clerici as a true conformist and coward; that all of them should be murdered or killed at birth “Like a dog!”
Also, the use of women as an impetus for a non existent action is used heavily in both media. For instance, when Clerici meets Anna Quadri (Professor Quadri’s wife), there is an almost instant love that seems inspired, but random and from nothing. In Kafka’s tale, K. meets the mistress/caregiver of his lawyer. At this point in the story she has spoken to him only in business with his case and to offer service. Suddenly, he is asked to come into secret chambers with where, after only a brief introduction, she falls head over heels for him after he kisses her webbed fingers.
“Oh! You’ve kissed me!” Hastily, with open mouth, she climbed up his lap on her knees… “You’ve traded her for me, you see, now you’ve traded her for me after all!” (The Trial, 108)
The lawyer walks in soon after to proclaim that K. has destroyed his case by falling in love with his mistress; which may be of little consequence as it seems he is already headed in an irreversible direction in his case. The very same thing happens throughout Il Conformista as Clerici meets the various incarnations of Anna Quadri. Another large part of this film is the cinematography of Vittorio Storaro. Storaro’s approach to film is much like that of a painter’s, as Bertolucci states: “Storaro’s light is like that of Bacon’s” (Bertolucci by Bertolucci, 124).

Storaro derives much of his style from painting styles, like that of Bacon and Caravaggio (more specifically The Calling of St. Matthew, Il Conformista DVD Bonus Features). In many scenes, such as the introduction of Stefania Sandrelli’s character and the ‘Cave Scene’ (in which Clerici preaches to his teacher of the greatness of Plato’s story. Kolker states: “The force of this sequence lies both in its virtuoso display of lighting and camera placement (its stylistic rendering) and the subtle way in which it illuminates the Platonic allegory, the place of the allegory in the film and the way two men function as components of the allegory. The use of light and dark does not directly translate to film, however; as chiaroscuro is used primarily to “produce the effect of modeling” or to use the gradation of light and dark to show depth (Art Through the Ages, 873). What film does do with chiaroscuro is an equivalent to the very same; Film uses the intensity and value of light to show depth and value of a character or a scene. One could easily pull examples from real painters to illustrate this analogous effect. For instance, the ‘Cave Scene’ is a lot like Rembrandt’s Night Watch, in which the use of lighting dramatizes the scene in such a way to convey a certain message in a visual manner. Although, Storaro contributes more than just a painter’s hand; he also, “…manifests the elements of visual style, including the long, luxurious tracking shots, the rich coloring, the ability to register and make significant the textures of walls and buildings – the articulate environments which define the characters of the narrative.
Cinematically, another large part of Bertolucci’s work is that of editing. Bertolucci had just finished one of his grand pieces, The Spider Strategem, by editing the piece himself. As Il Conformista was a higher budget, almost Hollywood, film he asked his producer/cousin Giovanni to give him a challenge. That challenge came in the form of Franco Arcalli; ‘Kim’ to his friends. Bertolucci says of Kim: “It was fascinating to watch Kim’s craftsman-like dexterity… I was astonished by the seeming casual manner he had of calculating rhythms and ties down to the last frame” (Bertolucci by Bertolucci, 73). Signor Arcalli’s manner of editing not only changed the way the film’s director’s view of editing, but also the film itself. “I shot the film in a manner that allowed me to tell the story chronologically,” Bertolucci says. “With a magnificent editor such as Kim, it’s possible to watch the structure of the movie materialize, piece by piece.”
Bertolucci’s film (whether as a statement against fascism, a retraction of Italy’s past, a piece of art, a piece of political noir, an allusion to Franz Kafka) remains one of the greatest masterpieces of film. Still heavily researched and greatly admired by filmmakers and scholars everywhere Il Conformista, O Coformista, The Conformist, or whatever language the film is in Bertolucci’s work of art transcends all barriers of mental, linguistical, or political loyalties to remain a true testament to the immortality of art and a perfect candidate for a masterwork.
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